This book advises the Federal Aeronautics Administration (FAA) on the detection of small, concealed explosives that a terrorist could plant surreptitiously on a commercial airplane. The book identifies key issues for the FAA regarding explosive detection technology that can be implemented in airport terminals. Recommendations are made in the areas of systems engineering, testing, and technology development.
- DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES FOR COMMERCIAL AVIATION SECURITY
- Copyright
- ABSTRACT
- DEDICATION
- PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- Contents
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
- TESTING PROTOCOLS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
- GENERAL TEST PROTOCOL FOR BULK DETECTION
- STATUS OF VAPOR AND PARTICLE DETECTION TEST PROTOCOL
- RECENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
- 1. Thermal Neutron Activation (TNA)
- 2. Automated Neutron Source Accelerator
- 3. Elastic Neutron Scattering
- 4. Pulsed Fast Neutron Activation
- 5. Photon Activation
- 6. Nuclear Resonant Absorption
- 7. Fast Neutron Associated Particle (FNAP)
- 8. Dual Energy X-Ray Systems
- 9. Backscatter X-Ray
- 10. Extremely Low-Dose X-Ray Devices for Searching Passengers
- 11. Coherent X-Ray Scattering
- 12. Dual Energy X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT)
- 13. Vapor Detection Devices
- 14. Dogs
- 15. Bar Coding
- 16. Pattern Recognition
- SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGY RECOMMENDATIONS
- 1 SYSTEMS CONSIDERATIONS
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. EDS ARCHITECTURE AND SEARCH STRATEGY
- C. SIMULATION OF EDS DESIGNS
- Study Airports
- Model Validation and Analysis
- Key Simulation Products
- 2 TESTING PROTOCOLS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. ROLE OF TESTING IN THE FAA REGULATORY PROCESS
- C. TESTING ORGANIZATION
- D. TEST PLANNING AND PREPARATION
- E. A GENERAL TESTING PROTOCOL FOR BULK EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEMS
- F. THE STATUS OF VAPOR AND PARTICLE DETECTION TEST PROTOCOLS
- REFERENCES
- Appendixes
- APPENDIX A A GENERAL TESTING PROTOCOL FOR BULK EXPLOSIVE DETECTIONSYSTEMS
- CONTENTS
- A1 INTRODUCTION
- A2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
- A. EXPLOSIVE CHARACTERISTICS TO BE MEASURED
- B. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SET OF THREAT EXPLOSIVES
- C. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL BAG POPULATIONS
- D. SYSTEM CALIBRATION AND THRESHOLD SETTINGS
- E. MANUFACTURER/CONTRACTOR PARTICIPATION
- F. TEST SITES
- G. A STANDARD SET OF BAGS AND THREATS
- A3 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
- A. IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCT BAG POPULATIONS
- B. IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF THE THREATS
- C. BAG PROCESSING RATES
- D. PRE-TESTING
- A4 DEVELOPMENT OF TEST AND EVALUATION PLANS
- A. GENERAL FACTORS
- B. DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
- C. SELECTION OF TEST BAGS
- D. NUMBER OF TEST BAGS REQUIRED
- E. SELECTION OF THE NUMBER OF THREAT ARTICLES
- A5 TEST EXECUTION
- A6 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF TEST DATA
- ANNEX I A STANDARD SET OF BAGS AND THREATS FOR TESTING BULK EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DEVICES OR SYSTEMS A...
- ANNEX II VALIDATION OF SIMULANTS
- 1. Test Procedures.
- 2. Test Results.
- 3. Analyses for the Validation of Simulants
- a. The Significance of the Difference Between Two Sample Means.
- b. The Paired Difference Approach.
- c. The Analysis of Variance Approach.
- d. Measurement Additivity.
- 4. A Recommended Approach for Validating Simulants
- ANNEX III MODEL TESTING SCENARIO
- APPENDIX B GLOSSARY OF TERMS
- APPENDIX C BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS
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